NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
ULTRASOUND: SHEAR WAVE / STRAIGHT BEAM
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency, highly directional sound waves to measure material thickness, find hidden internal flaws, or analyze material properties in metals, plastics, composites, ceramics, rubber, and glass. Using frequencies beyond the limit of human hearing, ultrasonic instruments generate shorts bursts of sound energy that are coupled into the test piece, and the instrument monitors and analyzes reflected or transmitted wave patterns to generate test results.
Ultrasonic examinations are performed for the detection and sizing of internal defects, flaws or discontinuities in piping, castings, forgings, weldments or other components. Exact sizing techniques have been developed to detect and monitor progressive cracking in a variety of equipment.
DYE PENETRANT
Dye penetrant testing examines the surface of an item (non-destructively) for surface-breaking flaws, such as cracks. A liquid penetrant is applied to the surface and left to soak. The liquid is drawn into any cracks via capillary action. The liquid is typically brightly colored or a fluorescent (under UV light) dye. After the soak time has expired, the excess penetrant is wiped from off and a developer is applied. The developer is usually a dry white powder (for example chalk powder) suspension that is spayed on the component. The developer is drawn out of the crack by reverse capillary action, resulting in a colored indication on the surface that is broader than the actual flaw, and therefore, much more visible. This technique can be used to detect surface flaws on essentially any non-porous material. Typical applications include:
Grinding cracks
Heat zone cracks
Poor weld penetrations
Heat treatment cracks
Fatigue cracks 
Laminations
Micro shrinkage
Hot tears
Cold shuts
Stress corrosion cracks
Intergranular corrosion
MAGNETIC PARTICLE
The Magnetic Particle Inspection method of Non-Destructive testing is a method for locating surface and sub-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. It depends for its operation on the face that when the material or part under test is magnetized, discontinuities that lie in a direction generally transverse to the direction of the magnetic field, will cause a leakage field, and therefore, the presence of the discontinuity, is detected by use of finely divided ferromagnetic particles applied over the surface, some of these particles being gathered and held by the leakage field, this magnetically held collection of particles forms an outline of the discontinuity and indicates its location, size, shape and extent.
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